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- этимология
Что (кто) такое Jacquard looms - определение
![19th century [[Engineering drawing]] of a Jacquard loom.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Telaio Jacquard 1849.jpg?width=200 "19th century [[Engineering drawing]] of a Jacquard loom.")
![Austrian Jacquard [[handloom]], end of 19th century, National Museum of textile Industry, [[Sliven]], [[Bulgaria]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hand-driven-jacquard-loom.jpg?width=200 "Austrian Jacquard [[handloom]], end of 19th century, National Museum of textile Industry, [[Sliven]], [[Bulgaria]]")
![[[Punched card]]s in use in a Jacquard loom. [[German Museum of Technology]], [[Berlin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin February 2008 0013.JPG?width=200 "[[Punched card]]s in use in a Jacquard loom. [[German Museum of Technology]], [[Berlin]]")
![Weaving shuttle]] on a jacquard sample](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Textile-Shuttle.jpg?width=200 "Weaving shuttle]] on a jacquard sample")
![Jacquard looms in the Textile Department of the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts in [[Łódź]], [[Poland]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JacquardLoomsSAFALodzPoland.jpg?width=200 "Jacquard looms in the Textile Department of the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts in [[Łódź]], [[Poland]].")
![Weaving on a jacquard loom with a [[flying shuttle]] at the Textile Department of the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź, Poland.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JacquardWeavingPoland.jpg?width=200 "Weaving on a jacquard loom with a [[flying shuttle]] at the Textile Department of the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź, Poland.")
![Detail of ''Dove and Rose'' jacquard-woven silk and wool [[double cloth]] furnishing textile, designed by [[William Morris]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Morris Dove and Rose Detail.jpg?width=200 "Detail of ''Dove and Rose'' jacquard-woven silk and wool [[double cloth]] furnishing textile, designed by [[William Morris]]")
![Punched paper tape used to instruct the 1944 [[Harvard Mark I]] computer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Harvard Mark I program tape.agr.jpg?width=200 "Punched paper tape used to instruct the 1944 [[Harvard Mark I]] computer")
![dobby]] head. Illustration from the Textile Mercury.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TM158 Strong Calico Loom with Planed Framing and Catlow's Patent Dobby.png?width=200 "dobby]] head. Illustration from the Textile Mercury.")
.jpg?width=200 "Demo of Project Jacquard")
![toggle]] on a string, held in the weaver's toes. He is making a simple [[tabby-weave]] cloth, [[bogolan]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BogolanMali32.JPG?width=200 "toggle]] on a string, held in the weaver's toes. He is making a simple [[tabby-weave]] cloth, [[bogolan]].")
![A [[Picanol]] rapier loom](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greifer.JPG?width=200 "A [[Picanol]] rapier loom")
![Dobby-loom control mechanism. The pegs driven into the bars (hung in a loop on the left) each lift one "treadle" in a pre-determined pattern, like lifting the teeth of a [[music box]]. Hooghly District, West Bengal, 2019](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hand loom Weaving in Hooghly District 17.jpg?width=200 "Dobby-loom control mechanism. The pegs driven into the bars (hung in a loop on the left) each lift one \"treadle\" in a pre-determined pattern, like lifting the teeth of a [[music box]]. Hooghly District, West Bengal, 2019")
![image of finished band]]).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lautanauha weaving.jpg?width=200 "image of finished band]]).")
.jpg?width=200 "Darning loom with hook heddle")
![Loom with a shed bar and without a string heddle, neolithic reconstruction in the [[Piatra Neamț]] Museum](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/VerticalLoom.JPG?width=200 "Loom with a shed bar and without a string heddle, neolithic reconstruction in the [[Piatra Neamț]] Museum")
![A rigid heddle on a backstrap [[inkle loom]], unspanned.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WARP-FACED TAPE ON A RIGID HEDDLE.jpg?width=200 "A rigid heddle on a backstrap [[inkle loom]], unspanned.")
![[[Pin weaving]], not using any shedding devices. Note hair comb, presumably used to beat the warp against the fell.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WEAVING WITH A PIN (cropped).jpg?width=200 "[[Pin weaving]], not using any shedding devices. Note hair comb, presumably used to beat the warp against the fell.")
![[[Warp-weighted loom]] with three heddle-rods for weaving [[twill]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Warp-weighted loom twill.jpg?width=200 "[[Warp-weighted loom]] with three heddle-rods for weaving [[twill]]")
![awl]] (tip hidden).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Principaux outils de la tapisserie de basse lisse sur le métier à tisser (flûtes, grattoir, peigne, poinçon).jpg?width=200 "awl]] (tip hidden).")
![The punched-card control mechanism of a [[Jacquard loom]] in use in 2009, [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Loom.jpg?width=200 "The punched-card control mechanism of a [[Jacquard loom]] in use in 2009, [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.")
![Shuttles are passed, not thrown, through [[warp-weighted loom]]s. These Ancient Greek weavers have a yarn-wrapped stick.Article describing the experimental reconstruction of the 6th-7th century [http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXXIX%20Part%203%20(1999)_Anglo-Saxon%20loom%20from%20Pakenham%20Suffolk%20S%20J%20Plunkett_273%20to%20298.pdf#search=loom Anglo-Saxon warp-weighted loom from Pakenham, Suffolk]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greekurnwithweavers (cropped to warp-weighted loom).jpg?width=200 "Shuttles are passed, not thrown, through [[warp-weighted loom]]s. These Ancient Greek weavers have a yarn-wrapped stick.Article describing the experimental reconstruction of the 6th-7th century [http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXXIX%20Part%203%20(1999)_Anglo-Saxon%20loom%20from%20Pakenham%20Suffolk%20S%20J%20Plunkett_273%20to%20298.pdf#search=loom Anglo-Saxon warp-weighted loom from Pakenham, Suffolk]")
.jpg?width=200 "Tapestry bobbins, empty and full")
![Tapestry bones actually made from [[cannonbone]]s (those in the last image are wooden)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chantier de fouilles à Morigny-Champigny en juin 2012 24 (cropped to bones).jpg?width=200 "Tapestry bones actually made from [[cannonbone]]s (those in the last image are wooden)")
![Paper quills (paper bobbins) used as tapestry bones in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dhaka weaving machine.JPG?width=200 "Paper quills (paper bobbins) used as tapestry bones in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.")
![language=en}} Also used for [[netting]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Weaving tool (AM 8823-1).jpg?width=200 "language=en}} Also used for [[netting]].")
.jpg?width=200 "A rag shuttle has two skis; it is used for weaving strips of rag into carpets, whence the name.")
![Boat shuttle inside the shed. It floats on the lower warp threads. This only works on horizontal looms. [[Rhode Island]], USA.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rhode Island weaving (51015839030).jpg?width=200 "Boat shuttle inside the shed. It floats on the lower warp threads. This only works on horizontal looms. [[Rhode Island]], USA.")
![A collection of open and closed shuttles in Ukraine, some clearly handmade.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Човники для ткацьких верстатів в етнопарку "Ладомирія" 2.jpg?width=200 "A collection of open and closed shuttles in Ukraine, some clearly handmade.")
![Asymmetric open boat shuttle, [[Khotan]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shuttle for silk weaving. Khotan, Xinjiang. 2010.jpg?width=200 "Asymmetric open boat shuttle, [[Khotan]].")
![Using two shuttles for weft stripes, [[Estonia]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kangasteljed Vormsi rahvamajas.jpg?width=200 "Using two shuttles for weft stripes, [[Estonia]]")
![Narrow [[tanmono]] loom with a shuttle race. Late 18-hundreds Japan.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/19C (late) Japanese hand loom with flying shuttle.jpg?width=200 "Narrow [[tanmono]] loom with a shuttle race. Late 18-hundreds Japan.")
![[[Coast Salish]] sword beater, North American west coast](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Salish Baton.JPG?width=200 "[[Coast Salish]] sword beater, North American west coast")
.jpg?width=200 "Bone sword beater (2) and adjacent bone pin beater (3), Iron age, Middle East")
.JPG?width=200 "Weaving comb used for battening, Braga, Portugal")
![Reed beater]] mounted in a beater bar](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/QSMM Pemberton loom 2582.JPG?width=200 "Reed beater]] mounted in a beater bar")
![[[Rigid heddle]]s are a shedding device that can also act as a reed.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pettine-liccio.JPG?width=200 "[[Rigid heddle]]s are a shedding device that can also act as a reed.")
![''Model of Navajo Loom'', late 19th century, [[Brooklyn Museum]].jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Model of Loom, late 19th century, 02.255.2253.jpg?width=200 "''Model of Navajo Loom'', late 19th century, [[Brooklyn Museum]].jpg")
![Jakaltek]] Maya brocades a hair sash on a back strap loom.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JakaltekBackstrapWeaving.jpg?width=200 "Jakaltek]] Maya brocades a hair sash on a back strap loom.")
![Handloom at Hjerl Hede, [[Denmark]], showing grayish warp threads (back) and cloth woven with red filling yarn (front)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hjerl Hede, krosno tkackie, ubt.jpeg?width=200 "Handloom at Hjerl Hede, [[Denmark]], showing grayish warp threads (back) and cloth woven with red filling yarn (front)")
![Old Believer]] homestead in [[Slutiški]], [[Latvia]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stelles Slutišķu vecticībnieku lauku sētā.jpg?width=200 "Old Believer]] homestead in [[Slutiški]], [[Latvia]]")
![A Grecian urn showing a [[warp-weighted loom]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greekurnwithweavers.jpg?width=200 "A Grecian urn showing a [[warp-weighted loom]]")
Википедия
The Jacquard machine (French: [ʒakaʁ]) is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé. The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard loom. The machine was patented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740). The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design.
Both the Jacquard process and the necessary loom attachment are named after their inventor. This mechanism is probably one of the most important weaving innovations as Jacquard shedding made possible the automatic production of unlimited varieties of complex pattern weaving. The term "Jacquard" is not specific or limited to any particular loom, but rather refers to the added control mechanism that automates the patterning. The process can also be used for patterned knitwear and machine-knitted textiles such as jerseys.
This use of replaceable punched cards to control a sequence of operations is considered an important step in the history of computing hardware, having inspired Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.
